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Understanding the basics of EXPOSURE

A camera is basically a glorified box—one with a hole punched in one side of it, containing some sort of light-sensitive medium, be it film or a digital sensor. Letting light through the hole allows you to “take a picture”—leaving an image on the light-sensitive medium inside. Not just any light will do. A shortage of light results in underexposure and a photo with details lost to darkness. An excess of light makes a desired image appear washed out from overexposure. The right exposure will result in a detailed image with a good balance of highlights, shadows, and midtones. Exposure is ultimately determined by aperture (hole size), shutter speed (how long the hole is open), and ISO (sensor sensitivity). In general, think of exposure as a triangle: In order to maintain the same exposure, every bump or cutback in one element will require a decrease or an increase in one or both of the others.

Like many settings, you can let your camera perform the subtle balancing act between aperture, shutter speed, and ISO in automatic mode. Alternately, you can take full control in manual mode, or try modes somewhere in the middle— like aperture-priority and shutter-priority—that let you adjust one factor while
the camera handles the other. Exposure compensation lets you do, well, pretty much exactly what it sounds like: Make incremental adjustments to compensate one way or another after you’ve already set your exposure.

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